Category: Ahwal

Praise be to Allah.Islam does not prevent marriage to a Christian woman if she is chaste. Allah says (interpretation of the meaning): 
“…The food (slaughtered cattle, eatable animals) of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) is lawful to you and yours is lawful to them. (Lawful to you in marriage) are chaste women from the believers and chaste women from those who were given the Scripture (Jews and Christians) before your time when you have given their due Mahr (bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), desiring chastity (i.e. taking them in legal wedlock) not committing illegal sexual intercourse, nor taking them as girlfriends…” [Al-Maa’idah 5:5]
What is meant by chaste women is that they are free (not slaves) and chaste (not loose or immoral). 
See also question no. 2527 
But if a woman is not chaste, and she has boyfriends or lovers with whom she is intimate, then Islam forbids marriage to her, whether she is a Muslim or a woman from among the People of the Book, just as it forbids marriage to a man who has girlfriends or lovers, to protect married life from collapse and to protect against mixing of lineages and to avoid causes of dispute, accusation and suspicion. 
With regard to the Muslim husband attending marriage parties according to the Christian tradition, this is not permissible because there will be many things in these celebrations that are forbidden in Islam, such as free mixing between men and women, listening to music, drinking alcohol, dancing etc. 
 
In the hadeeth the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day, let him not sit at a table where wine is being drunk.” Narrated by Ahmad, 1/20; al-Bayhaqi, 7/366. Al-Albani said in al-Irwa’, 7/6: it is saheeh.
We thank you for your noble feelings and this good attitude and your keenness to ask about the Islamic rulings on this matter. 
We ask Allah to help you and guide you to the religion of Islam. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds.

Praise be to Allah.
If the marriage contract to which you refer fulfilled all the
necessary conditions and included the proposal and acceptance, in the
presence of the woman’s wali (guardian) and two witnesses, with the woman’s
consent, then it is a valid marriage with all that that entails, and the
woman has become your wife thereby, even if it has not been announced and
publicized and even if it has not been recorded officially, because the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “There is no
marriage except with a wali (guardian).”  Narrate by Abu Dawood (2085),
al-Tirmidhi (1101) and Ibn Majaah (1881) from Abu Moosa al-Ash’ari; classed
as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi. 

And he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“There is no marriage except with a guardian and two witnesses of good
character.” Narrated by al-Bayhaqi from ‘Imraan and ‘Aa’ishah; classed as
saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Jaami’ (7557). 

Having the marriage documented in the court and so on is not
a condition of the marriage being valid, rather it is done to protect
people’s rights, and hence it is essential. But it does not matter if that
is delayed until you obtain the divorce documents.  

 We ask Allaah to bless you and to bring you both together in
goodness. We advise you to fear Allaah and treat your wife kindly, and to
establish a righteous Muslim household. 

And Allaah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.
Neither of them becomes forbidden to the other as the result
of cursing, and divorce does not take place as a result, but his cursing her
or her cursing him is a major sin, and they have to repent and ask Allaah
for forgiveness for what they have done, and they have to ask one another
for forgiveness for cursing one another. And Allaah is the Source of
strength. May Allaah send blessings and peace upon His Prophet Muhammad and
his family and companions. End quote. 

Standing Committee for Academic Research and Issuing Fatwas.

Praise be to Allah.It should be noted that marriage is part of the teachings and practice of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him). Our Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) rebuked those who wanted to remain unmarried. He said: “As for me, I marry women. Whoever turns away from my Sunnah (my way) is not of me.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari (4776) and Muslim (1401). What is meant by “my Sunnah” is his guidance and path. No one has the right to forsake the path, guidance and Sunnah of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) for the sake of some worldly matter because he is keen to pursue further studies or earn more money or seek some social position, or because of some specious argument of the evil doers that comes to his mind, and so on. 
This teaching is more emphasized at times of fitnah (turmoil or temptation) when a person fears for himself (that he may give into temptation) because there is no control and no one is watching him. So the Muslim is enjoined to seek help in controlling his evil inclinations and in resisting the Shaytaan by all possible means, and he is enjoined to seek and attain chastity. If he fears that he may give in to temptation, then it is obligatory for him to get married, so as to ward off temptation and corruption from his religious commitment. 
You should understand that some younger women may be sought in marriage at a specific age, when compatible and righteous men propose marriage to them, but they refuse on the grounds that they want to complete their studies, or they are looking for someone who is more rich, and so on. Then they grow older and spend the rest of their lives waiting. By doing so, they go against the command of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) to accept a righteous husband who is religiously committed and of good character. 
“If there comes to you one with whose religious commitment and character you are pleased, then give [your daughter or other female relative under your care] to him in marriage, for if you do not do that there will be fitnah in the land and a great deal of mischief.” [Hadeeth narrated by at-Tirmidhi] 
By doing that, the woman forgets her true role in life, the purpose for which Allah created mankind in two halves, male and female, and made that one of the signs of His might and power, and of His Oneness, may He be exalted. 
Therefore we do not agree that you should disregard the idea of marriage altogether on the grounds of pursuing further study or seeking material gains. If you do have a clear reason for that, then explain it to your parents and come to some mutual understanding about it, so long as you are not using that as an excuse to forgo marriage altogether and ignore one of the greatest means of maintaining a sound way of life and establishing true servitude (‘uboodiyyah) to Allah in this world. 
But if what you meant is that you do not want to marry a particular individual, for some reason, although you accept the principle if a compatible man proposes to you, then this is your right and there is nothing wrong with that; your parents do not have the right to force you to marry a particular person. 
Please see also the answer to question no. 163990 
And Allah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.Advice to marry the woman who is religiously committed – who is the one who is religiously committed? 
(a)
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) encouraged marrying women who are religiously committed, as he said: “Women may be married for four things: their wealth, their lineage, their beauty and their religious commitment. Choose the one who is religiously-committed, may your hands be rubbed with dust (i.e., may your prosper).” Narrated by al-Bukhari, 5090; Muslim, 1466. 
‘Abd al-‘Azeem Abaadi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 
What this means is that a man who is religiously committed and of noble character should make religion his focus in all things, especially with regard to long-term matters. So the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) enjoined finding a wife who is religiously committed, which is the ultimate goal. 
“may your hands be rubbed with dust” is urging him to strive hard and roll up his sleeves and seek that which is enjoined.  
‘Awn al-Ma’bood (6/31). 
(b)
With regard to the attributes of religiously committed women, we may list many attributes which apply to women who are described as religiously committed. These include: 
1.     Sound belief  
This is the most important attribute. The woman who is from ahl al-sunnah wa’l-jamaa’ah will have achieved the highest and most precious characteristic of religiously-committed women, and the one who is a follower of bid’ah (innovation) and misguidance will not be one of the religiously committed women whom the Muslim is encouraged to marry, because of the bad effect that she will have on the husband or children, or on both. 
2.     Obedience to her husband, and not going against him if he enjoins something that is right 
It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah said: It was said to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): Which of women is best? He said: “The one who makes (her husband) happy when he looks at her, obeys him when he tells her to do something, and does not disobey him with regard to herself or her wealth in a way that he dislikes.”
Narrated by al-Nasaa’i (3131); classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Nasaa’i. 
So the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) mentioned together three important characteristics to be found in the good, righteous wife. They are:
(i)                When he looks at her, he is happy with her religious commitment, attitude, behaviour and appearance.
(ii)              When he is away from her, she protects his honour and his wealth.
(iii)            If he tells her to do something, she obeys him, so long as he does not tell her to commit sin. 
3.     Helping her husband in his faith and religious commitment, telling him to do acts of obedience and stopping him from doing haraam things. 
It was narrated that Thawbaan said: When there was revealed about silver and gold what was revealed, they said: So what kind of wealth should we acquire? ‘Umar said: I will find out about that for you. So he mounted his camel and caught up with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and I was right behind him. He said: O Messenger of Allah, what kind of wealth should we acquire? He said: “Let one of you acquire a thankful heart, a tongue that remembers Allah and a believing wife who will help him with regard to the Hereafter.” 
Narrated and classed as hasan by al-Tirmidhi (3094). In another version it says: “who will help him with his faith.” Ibn Maajah (1856). Classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi.   
Al-Mubaarakfoori (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 
“A believing wife who will help him with his faith” means, with his religious commitment, by reminding him to pray, fast and do other acts of worship, and will keep him from committing zina and all other haraam deeds. 
Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi (8/390). 
4.     She should be a righteous woman, and among the attributes of the righteous woman is that she is obedient to her Lord and fulfils her husband’s rights with regard to his wealth and herself, even when her husband is absent. 
Allah says (interpretation of the meaning): 
“Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient (to Allah and to their husbands), and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity and their husband’s property)” [al-Nisa’ 4:34]. 
Shaykh ‘Abd al-Rahmaan al-Sa’di (may Allah have mercy on him) said:  
“Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient” means: obedient to Allah, may He be exalted. 
“guard in the husband’s absence” means: they are obedient to their husbands and even in their absence they guard themselves and their husband’s wealth, seeking the help of Allah in that, because no one can do that by himself or herself, for the self is inclined towards evil, but the one who puts his trust in Allah, He will suffice him and help him in his religious and worldly affairs.”(Tafseer al-Sa’di p. 177) 
It was narrated that Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqaas said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “There are four things that are essential for happiness: a righteous wife, a spacious home, a good neighbour and a sound means of transportation. And there are four things that make one miserable: a bad neighbour, a bad wife, a small house and a bad means of transportation.” 
Narrated by Ibn Hibbaan in al-Saheehah (1232); classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in al-Silsilah al-Saheehah (282) and Saheeh al-Targheeb (1914). 
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allah have mercy on him) said:  
A righteous wife will be with her righteous husband for many years, and she is the one who is meant in the hadeeth in which the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “This world is temporary conveniences and the best of its comforts is a believing wife, who when you look at her she pleases you and if you tell her to do something she obeys you, and if you are away from her she protects you with regard to  herself and your wealth.”
 This is what the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) enjoined when the Muhaajiroon asked him which kind of wealth they should acquire, and he said: “Let one of you acquire a tongue that remembers Allah, a thankful heart, and a believing wife who will help him with regard to the Hereafter.” Narrated by al-Tirmidhi from Saalim ibn Abi’l-Ja’d, from Thawbaan. 
She may offer the love and compassion that Allah speaks of in His Book, and the pain of separation may be harder for her than death in some cases, and harder than losing wealth or leaving one’s homeland, especially if one of them is fond of the other or they have children together who will be harmed by separation.  
Majmoo’ al-Fatawa (35/299). 
5.     Good etiquette and knowledge 
It was narrated that Abu Moosa al-Ash’ari said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “There are three who will be given a double reward: a man from among the people of the Book who believed in his Prophet, then lived to see the Prophet (S) and followed him and believed in him– he will have a double reward; and a slave who fulfils his duty towards Allah and towards his master – he will have a double reward; and a man who had a slave woman whom he fed and fed her well, and taught her and taught her well, then he set her free and married her – he will have a double reward.”
Narrated by al-Bukhari (97) and Muslim (154). 
Al-Mubaarakfoori (may Allah have mercy on him) said:
“and taught her” means he taught her good manners. 
“and taught her well” means teaching in a kind manner.  
Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi (4/218). 
6.     Doing acts of worship and obedience, and refraining from haraam things. 
This is part of what being religiously committed means, that is mentioned in the saheeh hadeeth that we quoted at the beginning of our answer. 
Al-Khateeb al-Sharbeeni al-Shaafa’i (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 
What is meant by religious commitment is acts of obedience and worship, and righteous deeds, and refraining from haraam things. 
Mughni al-Muhtaaj (3/127). 
The one who combines obedience to her Lord, doing the obligatory duties that are enjoined upon her, and avoiding the haraam things that she is forbidden to do, with obedience to her husband, has glad tidings from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) that she will be highly honoured when she enters Paradise. 
According to the hadeeth: “If a woman prays her five (daily prayers), fasts her month (Ramadaan), guards her chastity and obeys her husband, it will be said to her: Enter Paradise by whichever of the gates of Paradise you wish.” Narrated by Ahmad (1664) and others; classed as hasan by al-Albaani because of another report in Saheeh al-Targheeb, as stated by al-Arna’oot in Takhreej al-Musnad. 
7.     She is a devout worshipper and one who fasts 
Allah says (interpretation of the meaning): 
“It may be if he divorced you (all) that his Lord will give him instead of you, wives better than you __ Muslims (who submit to Allah), believers, obedient (to Allah), turning to Allah in repentance, worshipping Allah sincerely, given to fasting or emigrants (for Allah’s sake), previously married and virgins” [al-Tahreem 66:5] 
al-Baghawi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: “will give him instead of you, wives better than you Muslims” means who submit to Allah and obey Him. 
“believers” who believe in the Oneness of Allah (Tawheed). 
“obedient (to Allah)” means obedient, or it was said: who offer supplication (du’aa’), or who pray. 
“given to fasting or emigrants” those who fast often, or Zayd ibn Aslam said: women who migrated (for the sake of Allah), or it was said, who go with him wherever he goes.  
Tafseer al-Baghawi (8/168). 
Thus it is known that “religious commitment” (deen) is a comprehensive word that includes different kinds of worship, obedience, characteristics and attitudes. It is essential to note that that which we have said of these qualities and deeds is not the same with all women, rather there are different degrees thereof, and that is well known. The more modest, knowledgeable and devoted to worship a woman is, the more desirable she is as a wife. 
Whatever the case, the woman who is religiously committed is the one who will help a man to protect his own religious commitment, and help him with regard to his Hereafter; she will make him happy when he looks at her and she will protect him when he is absent, and she will raise his children well. 
See the answer to question no. 83777 for information on proposing to a girl who is religiously committed but not beautiful; you will find useful information there that is complementary to this answer. 
And Allah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.If a woman leaves her husband or a man leaves his wife for one or two years, or for more or less time than that, the marriage remains valid until the man actually divorces his wife. So long as that has not happened, and the man has not uttered the word of divorce (talaaq) to his wife, or has not written words to that effect with the intention of divorcing her, then the woman is still his wife, even if the separation has gone on for a long time. 
Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: When is a woman regarded as divorced? He said: The woman is regarded as divorced if her husband issues a divorce (talaaq) to her when he is of sound mind and does so by choice, with no impediment to divorce such as insanity, intoxication and the like, and the woman is pure (i.e., not menstruating), during a period of purity in which he has not had intercourse with her, or she is pregnant or postmenopausal.
End quote from Fataawa at-Talaaq, 1/35 
For more information, please see the answer to question no. 11681
Secondly: 
Zina (fornication or adultery) is one of the major sins; the degree of sin is worse and the punishment is multiplied if the woman is married, because that is a betrayal of her husband … Hence the punishment for an unmarried zaani is one hundred lashes, and the punishment for a previously married zaani is stoning to death. 
Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And come not near to the unlawful sexual intercourse. Verily, it is a Fahishah (i.e. anything that transgresses its limits (a great sin)), and an evil way (that leads one to Hell unless Allah forgives him)”
Al-Isra’ 17:32]. 
Shaykh as-Sa‘di (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The prohibition on approaching it or coming near it is more eloquent than merely prohibiting the action, because that includes the prohibition on all the things that may lead to it or promote it, because the one who approaches a forbidden area will soon find himself wandering in it, especially in the case of this matter which is very tempting for many people. 
Allah described zina and its abhorrent nature as a “faashishah” (something that transgresses its limits); in other words it is a sin that is regarded as immoral and odious in terms of sharee‘ah, rational thought and sound human nature, because it implies transgression of the sacred limits with regard to the rights of Allah, the rights of the woman and the rights of her family or husband, betrayal of marriage, confusion of lineage, and other negative consequences. 
The words “and an evil way” mean: what an evil way is the way of the one who dares to commit this grave sin.
End quote from Tafseer al-Kareem ar-Rahmaan fi Tafseer Kalaam al-Mannaan, 1/457 
What they must both do is repent sincerely, turn back to Allah and keep away from the things that lead to zina. Whoever repents, Allah will accept his repentance. 
For more information on the crime of zina and repentance therefrom, please see the answer to question no. 47924 and 138270
Secondly: 
The basic principle is that it is not permissible for the zaani to marry the zaaniyah until after they have repented sincerely, because Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
“The adulterer marries not but an adulteress or a Mushrikah and the adulteress none marries her except an adulterer or a Muskrik (and that means that the man who agrees to marry (have a sexual relation with) a Mushrikah (female polytheist, pagan or idolatress) or a prostitute, then surely he is either an adulterer, or a Mushrik (polytheist, pagan or idolater, etc.) And the woman who agrees to marry (have a sexual relation with) a Mushrik (polytheist, pagan or idolater) or an adulterer, then she is either a prostitute or a Mushrikah (female polytheist, pagan, or idolatress, etc.)). Such a thing is forbidden to the believers (of Islamic Monotheism)”
[an-Noor 24:3]. 
Repentance is attained by regretting (what one has done) and resolving not to go back to the sin. So long as they have repented and regretted what they fell into of sin, it is valid for them to marry according to most of the scholars. 
Ibn Qudaamah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 
If a woman commits zina, it is not permissible for the one who knows of that to marry her unless two conditions are met:
1.That her ‘iddah has ended
2.That she has repented from zina.
If these two conditions are met, it is permissible for the zaani or anyone else to marry her, according to the opinion of most of the scholars, including Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Ibn ‘Umar, Ibn ‘Abbaas, Jaabir, Sa‘eed ibn al-Musayyab, Tawoos, Jaabir ibn Zayd, ‘Ata’, al-Hasan, ‘Ikrimah, az-Zuhri, ath-Thawri, ash-Shaafa‘i, Ibn al-Mundhir, and ashaab ar-ra’y. 
It was narrated from Ibn Mas‘ood, al-Bara’ ibn ‘Aazib and ‘Aa’ishah that she is not permissible (in marriage) for the zaani under any circumstances. They said: They are still zaanis whenever they are together, because of the general meaning of the verse and the report. 
It may be that what they meant by that was the period before they repent or before it is established that she is not pregnant, in which case it is the same as our view. 
With regard to it being forbidden in absolute terms, that is not correct, because Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning): “All others are lawful, provided you seek (them in marriage) with Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) from your property” [an-Nisa’ 4:24]. 
Because she is permissible (in marriage) for someone other than the one who committed zina with her, she is also permissible to him, like any other woman. 
End quote from al-Mughni, 7/108. 
Thirdly: 
It is not permissible for a Muslim to turn a woman against her husband because that leads to the breakup of families, even if there was a bitter dispute between the spouses. Some scholars regarded this as a major sin. The Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “He is not one of us who turns a woman against her husband.” Narrated by Abu Dawood, 2175; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood. 
Abu Dawood (5170) also narrated that Abu Hurayrah said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “Whoever turns a man’s wife or slave against him is not one of us.”
Classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood. 
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeem Abaadi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 
“Whoever turns a woman against her husband” (means) by mentioning the husband’s bad qualities to his wife, or mentioning the good qualities of another man to her. 
‘Awn al-Ma‘bood, 6/159 
And he said “Whoever turns a man’s wife” means: he deceives her and corrupts her, or makes the idea of divorce attractive to her so that he or someone else can marry her, and so on.
‘Awn al-Ma‘bood, 14/52 
Al-Mannaawi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Our shaykh, ash-Sha‘raawi, said: That also includes the case where a woman who is angry with her husband comes to him so that he can reconcile between them, for example, so he offers her abundant food and wants to spend on her and honour her, even if that is in order to honour her husband, then her heart may be inclined to someone else and she starts to look down on her husband. This is also included in this hadeeth. The wise man should be careful with regard to such matters, even if his intention is good. 
He said: I did this several times; I put pressure on the woman who was angry with her husband, and I advised my family to leave her hungry, so that she would go back and would appreciate how blessed she was with her husband.
End quote from Fayd al-Qadeer Sharh al-Jaami‘ al-Kabeer, 6/159 
Fourthly: 
If a person turns a woman against her husband and spoils her for him so that she leaves him, then he marries her, his marriage is not valid and they must be separated, according to the view favoured by Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah (may Allah have mercy on him). This is also the view of the Maalikis. For more information on the ruling on this issue and what is meant by turning a woman against her husband, please see the answer to question no. 84849
Based on the above, if this man is the one who turned the woman against her husband, so that she would get divorced for his sake, it is not permissible for him to marry her, especially when he has committed zina with her. There is a difference of opinion concerning marriage of the zaani to the woman with whom he committed zina. In this case he has combined two evils: turning a woman against her husband and zina. 
But if he is not the one who turned her against her husband, as appears to be the case from the question, and he only got to know her and meet her after she had left her husband and she had left his house, then his marriage to her is valid, if she has got divorced from her first husband, on condition that they both repent to Allah, may He be exalted, from what occurred between them. 
And Allah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.
A woman should be keen to choose a righteous husband who will
fear Allaah with regard to her and will feed her and her children with
halaal income and help them to avoid that which is haraam. 

Hence we appreciate this question from you, as it indicates
that you are concerned about this matter. We say: if the bank where this
person works is a riba-based bank which markets and sells its apartments and
buildings on the basis of riba, then it is not permissible to work there, or
to help it with its projects in any way whatsoever. 

Similarly, it is not permissible to work in building
apartments or places for sin, such as leisure venues, places for gambling,
riba based banks and the like. 

It is on this basis that this suitor should be accepted or
rejected. If his work is permissible and he is religiously committed and of
good character, then accept him. But if his work is haraam or he is not
religiously committed and of good character, then do not accept him, because
marrying him will result in harm that will affect you and your children. 

We ask Allaah for guidance. 

And Allaah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.Is divorce in anger valid?
If the anger reached a level where the individual did not know what he was saying, or it was extreme anger that made him issue the divorce , and were it not for the anger he would not have issued the divorce, then it does not count as a divorce . 
Does triple divorce count as one divorce?
The jurists differed concerning the threefold divorce , and the most correct opinion is that it counts as one divorce , whether it was uttered in a single phrase, such as saying “you are thrice divorced”, or it was uttered in separate phrases such as saying, “you are divorced, you are divorced, you are divorced.” 
By the same token, if he issued a divorce then he repeated it during the `Iddah, the divorce before taking her back is part of the first divorce, because it only happens once, and divorce can only happen again after a marriage contract or after taking the wife back. 
Do you need witnesses for divorce?
It is not essential or obligatory to have witnesses to the divorce. If a man utters the word of divorce, then divorce has taken place, even if it is in the absence of the wife or no one else was present. The same applies if he writes the word of divorce in a message or on a piece of paper with the intention of divorce; divorce has taken place in this case. 
It was narrated that there was scholarly consensus that it is not essential to have witnesses to divorce. 
Ash-Shawkani (may Allah have mercy on him) said concerning the issue of having witnesses to taking the wife back: 
“Among the evidence that it is not essential is the fact that there was scholarly consensus that it is not essential to have witnesses to divorce, as was narrated by Al-Muwazi‘i in Taysir Al-Bayan. And taking back the wife is of a similar nature, so it (having witnesses) is not essential in that case as it is not essential in the case of divorce.” (Nayl Al-Awtar, 6/300) 
Allah has enjoined having witnesses to divorce and taking back the wife in the verse in which He says (interpretation of the meaning):
“Then when they are about to attain their term appointed, either take them back in a good manner or part with them in a good manner. And take as witness two just persons from among you (Muslims),” [At-Talaq 65:2]
This command is by way of recommendation and preference according to the majority of jurists. 
Abu Dawud (2188) narrated that `Imran ibn Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) was asked about a man who divorced his wife, then had intercourse with her but he had not called witnesses to the divorce or to his taking her back, and he said: Your divorce was not in accordance with the Sunnah and your taking her back was not in accordance with the Sunnah; bring witnesses to the divorce and to taking her back, and do not do (this mistake) again. It was classed as authentic by Al-Albani in Sahih Abu Dawud. 
It may also be understood as meaning that it is recommended to have witnesses. 
The words “bring witnesses to the divorce and to taking her back, and do not do (this mistake) again” indicate that witnessing divorce or taking back the wife may come after the fact, hence he told him to bring witnesses to both even though they had happened previously. 
Shaykh `Abd Al-Muhsin Al-`Abbad (may Allah preserve him) said: 
“This indicates that witnessing may come later and that it does not have to be at the time of the divorce or at the time of taking the wife back; rather a man may issue a divorce and then have it witnessed or he may take back his wife and then have it witnessed. And the taking back may be in the form of intercourse, because if a man has intercourse with his divorced wife during her ‘Iddah, that constitutes taking her back. Or it may be done verbally, but having it witnessed is required so that it will be known that the divorce has ended with the taking back. And the same applies to divorce.” (Sharh Sunan Abu Dawud) 
To sum up, your divorce issued in the state of extreme anger does not count as such, and the threefold divorce counts as one divorce; it is not essential to have divorce witnessed and the same applies to taking the wife back. 
We advise you to be careful and avoid using the word divorce (Talaq) altogether. 
And Allah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.Firstly: 
Caesarean section is an operation in which the abdomen is cut in order to bring the child out of the mother. It is said that it is so called after Julius Caesar, because he was the first one to be born in this manner, when his mother died during labour, after which the doctor cut open her stomach and brought him out of her, and Caesar lived to become the emperor of Rome. 
Secondly:
Natural childbirth is better for the mother, but this does not mean that Caesarean section should not be used when necessary. Among such cases of necessity are: when the placenta is in the lower part of the uterus (placenta praevia), when the foetus is deprived of oxygen, when there are tumours in the pelvis, when there is high blood pressure, when there is haemorrhaging that threatens the life of the mother and baby, when there are conjoined (“Siamese”) twins, when the foetus is abnormally large, and other cases of necessity where Caesarean section is indicated. This is one of the great blessings of Allah, an example of His mercy towards His creation. 
Many doctors take the matter of resorting to Caesarean section lightly, because they want to earn more money or because they cannot be patient with the mother during natural childbirth. Some women ask for this surgery in order to preserve the gracefulness of their bodies or so as to avoid the pain of childbirth. 
Undoubtedly doing this leads to the loss of numerous benefits, and also has effects on the mother and on future births, as referred to by the brother in his question. 
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al-‘Uthaymeen (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 
I would like to take this opportunity to point out a phenomenon that has been mentioned to us, which is that many obstetricians, male and female, in the hospitals are too keen for birth to take place by surgical means, which is known as a Caesarean. I am afraid that this may be a plot against the Muslims, because the more births take place in this manner, the more the skin of the abdomen is weakened and pregnancy becomes more dangerous for the woman, and she becomes unable to get pregnant. Some of the people who work in private hospitals have told me that many women come to the hospitals and their specialists tell them that there is no alternative to a caesarean,  then they go to this private hospital and give birth naturally. He mentioned that there were about eighty such cases in one month. This means that the issue is serious, and attention must be drawn to it. It should be noted that in this case some pain and exhaustion is inevitable. 
“His mother bears him with hardship. And she brings him forth with hardship” [al-Ahqaaf 46:15]
It is not something to be done as soon as the woman feels a contraction, so that she may avoid pain. Natural childbirth is better than a caesarean. End quote. 
Liqaa’aat al-Baab il-Maftoohah (2/question no. 42). 
The Shaykh (may Allah have mercy on him) was also asked: 
Allah says in Soorat ‘Abasa (interpretation of the meaning): 
“Then He makes the Path easy for him” [‘Abasa 80:20]
So Allah guarantees to make it easy for this newborn. Many men and women have noticed that there is haste in performing caesarean sections. Is this a sign of weak trust in Allah, may He be glorified and exalted? 
He replied: 
I think that this method which people use nowadays when the woman feels the contractions and goes to the hospital, and they do a caesarean section for her, I think that this is inspired by the shaytaan, and that the harm caused is far greater than any benefits, because a woman is bound to feel pain when in labour, but this pain has a number of benefits: 
1 – It is an expiation for sin 
2 – It raises her in status if she is patient and seeks reward. 
3 – The woman understands the extent of the pain suffered by other mothers. 
4 – She will appreciate the extent of the blessing of good health that Allah bestows on her. 
5 – It will increase her love towards her child, because the more difficult it is to attain something, the dearer it becomes. 
6 – If the child is born by via the usual, well-known route, this is better for him and the woman. 
7 – Damage may be expected from this surgery, because this operation weakens the wall of the uterus etc, which may tear. And it may be successful or unsuccessful. 
8 – The woman who gets used to having caesareans is unlikely to give birth in the natural manner, because that is not possible, and there is the risk that the site of the surgery may rupture.
9 – Having surgery results in having fewer children, because if the abdomen is cut three times in different places, it becomes weak and future pregnancy becomes dangerous. 
10 – This is a kind of luxury, and luxury is a thing that leads to doom, as Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):  
“Verily, before that, they indulged in luxury…” [al-Waaqi’ah 56:45]
Women should be patient and seek reward, and should continue to give birth in the natural way, because that is better for them in this world and in the Hereafter. Men should also pay attention to this issue, for we do not know, perhaps our enemies are the ones who have made these operations easy for us so that we will lose these benefits and be subject to these losses. 
Question: What is meant by luxury? 
Answer: Luxury includes avoiding the natural pain of childbirth. This is a kind of luxury. If luxury does not help one to obey Allah, then it is either blameworthy or at the very least permissible. 
Liqaa’aat al-Baab il-Maftooh (86/question no. 17). 
To sum up: Caesarean section should not be resorted to except in cases of necessity, when natural childbirth is not possible, or it poses a danger to the mother or the child. 
And Allah knows best.

Praise be to Allah.
For a man to embrace and hug his daughter, or kiss her on the
head or cheek or between the eyes by way of showing compassion, kindness and
love is permissible, even if she is an adult, on condition that there be no
fear of fitnah or provocation of desire. Excluded from that is kissing on
the mouth, which is only for spouses, and which usually provokes desire. 

Imam Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: Can a man
kiss a woman who is his mahram? He said: If he has come home from a journey
and does not fear (temptation) for himself. 

Ibn Muflih said: But he should never do that on the mouth,
only on the forehead or head.

End quote from al-Adaab al-Shar‘iyyah, 2/256. See also
al-Iqnaa‘, 3/156; al-Mawsoo‘ah al-Fiqhiyyah, 13/130 

Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: 

Is it permissible for a man to kiss his daughter when she has
grown up and passed the age of puberty, whether she is married or not, and
whether the kissing is on her hand or mouth or so on? If she kisses him in
those places, what is the ruling? 

He replied (may Allah have mercy on him): 

There is nothing wrong with a man kissing his daughter,
whether she is older or younger, without desire so long as that is on her
cheek once she has grown up, because it is proven from Abu Bakr (may Allah
be pleased with him) that he kissed his daughter ‘Aa’ishah (may Allah be
pleased with her) on her cheek. And because kissing on the mouth may lead to
provocation of sexual desire, so it is better and safer not to do that.
Similarly, a daughter may kiss her father on his nose or head, without
desire. But if there is desire then that is haraam for all concerned, so as
to avoid temptation and so as to block means that may lead to immorality.
And Allah is the source of strength.

End quote from Fataawa Islamiyyah, 3/78, 79. 

Secondly: 

Embracing sons and daughters when they are small, hugging
them, smelling them and kissing them are all part of the compassions and
warmth that people should give in abundance to their children and not
deprive them of it, because it is compassion that Allah has created in the
hearts of His slaves, and Allah only shows mercy to those of His slaves who
are merciful. 

We advise fathers and mothers not to deprive them of this
parental gesture, because it is a basic psychological need, especially in
small children, as is proven in all psychological and educational studies,
both contemporary and classical. 

It is proven in Saheeh al-Bukhaari (5997) that Abu
Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah
(blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) kissed al-Hasan ibn ‘Ali, when
al-Aqra‘ ibn Haabis al-Tameemi was sitting with him. al-Aqra‘ said: I have
ten children and I have never kissed one of them. The Messenger of Allah
(blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) looked at him, then he said: “The
one who does not show mercy will not be shown mercy.” 

In Saheeh al-Bukhaari (3704) it also says: al-Bara’
entered with Abu Bakr upon his family — after he reached Madinah as a
migrant. ‘Aa’ishah was lying down as she was suffering a fever. I [al-Bara’]
saw her father kiss her cheek and say: How are you, O my daughter? 

And Allah knows best.